The ACS provides face memory and memory for names measures not found in the standard WMS–IV. The ability to compare scores across assessments provides insight into and documentation of changes in cognitive functioning over time, a key requirement for diagnosing MCI or dementia. Demographically adjusted norms allow an examiner to evaluate an obtained score in comparison to specific comparison groups, such as individuals with similar educational backgrounds. The concept of biochemical thresholds for the recovery of different functions was investigated by Russell, Smith, Booth, Jenden, and Waite (1986). They used a combination of pharmacological and behavioral treatment for seemingly permanent disorders and showed significant behavioral improvements by boosting levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. There probably is more potential for recovery than is often assumed in the field of cognitive rehabilitation. Maintenance release 68.2 includes some bug fixes.) Based on Dell internal analysis of competitive products, March 2020. The TOPF was co-developed for use with the WAIS–IV and WMS–IV and provides premorbid prediction based on demographic data only, current performance data only, or a combination of demographic data and current performance data. Although prediction accuracy of TOPF is lower for memory measures, using predicted premorbid memory scores significantly improves diagnostic accuracy in cases of dementia (Pearson, 2001). The level of performance was in the low average range (highest and lowest obtained scores) which is consistent with a suppressed rather than variable cognitive profile. The full demographic adjustments account for age, education, gender, ethnicity, and region. Even though dementia has been a main research focus, the benefits of social engagement for cognitive functioning in older adults are not solely confined to the onset of dementia. 2.1 illustrates distinct trajectories of Gf and Gc within individuals over time, with advancing age, and how the trajectory of g alone occludes the distinct patterns of more specific ability measures. Other individuals may follow a more typical course of aging where some cognitive functions remain intact, such as memory for material learned in school or complex motor acts such as driving a car, while performance in other cognitive domains declines. The TBI group shows significant variability on the combined WAIS–IV/WMS–IV batteries at the index and subtest level for both general profile variability and extremes of performance. Limited quantities. Reading skills are less susceptible to brain injury or decline than other performance measures and have been shown to effectively predict intellectual functioning (Crawford, 1992; Johnstone, Hogg, Schopp, Kapila, & Edwards, 2002). These results demonstrate that a high degree of participation in social activities and the maintenance of social connections serve to preserve an array of cognitive functions in late adulthood. However, evidence suggests that enhanced social engagement exerts a protective effect on cognitive functioning for older adults. L'elenco [.pdf] Vedi dettagli Electronics and accessories may ship separately. When you control for the profile suppression, the TBI group shows a mild degree of cognitive variability particularly when combining intellectual and memory functions. Table 10.9. Functional (metabolic) “lesions” may represent depressed levels of neurotransmitters and/or receptor populations and thus form the biological basis of many processing limitations. Knight, L. Lee, in Encyclopedia of Gerontology (Second Edition), 2007. The level of performance in the TBI group was in the low average range (highest and lowest obtained scores) which is again consistent with a suppressed rather than variable memory profile. Michael T. Bixter, ... Wendy A. Rogers, in Aging, Technology and Health, 2018. Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare. Tuttavia, l’utilizzo di formati immagine che supportano lo sfondo trasparente consente la sovrapposizione di mappe differenti che possono essere richieste da server differenti. It was further reported that the drug effects were stronger if combined with behavioral training. The psychometric method relies upon the administration and scoring of multiple cognitive performance tests. See the ACS Technical Manual (Pearson, 2009) for detailed information on the methods used to develop the demographically adjusted norms. Moreover, older adults experiencing cognitive decline could face barriers in participating in social activities, which would result in lower reported levels of social engagement. Social engagement has been found to associate with cognitive functions more broadly (Barnes, de Leon, Wilson, Bienias, & Evans, 2004; Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert, & Berkman, 2001). Electronics and accessories may ship separately. In addition to normal variability in performance, change in scores over time can be influenced by practice effects; that is, improved performance due to exposure and learning (McCaffrey, Ortega, & Haase, 1993). Their results indicated that the largest mean differences in cognitive ability scores were among individuals age 65 or older, suggesting evidence of cognitive decline among older adults even in the working population. The relationship between social engagement and cognitive functioning in older adulthood could be bidirectional. The pattern of age-related change described in this chapter is those that occur in most people. Lisa Whipple Drozdick, ... C. Munro Cullum, in WAIS-IV, WMS-IV, and ACS, 2013. Global & Regional System Integrators Leverage trusted consulting, advisement, and implementation of the Boomi Platform. Earnings and Valuation of Standard Motor Products (NYSE:SMP. However, no reverse causality was found (i.e., earlier memory scores did not predict subsequent social engagement), suggesting a causal path from degrees of social engagement to levels of cognitive functioning in older adulthood. Leo Blomert, in Handbook of Neurolinguistics, 1998. When investigating cognitive abilities, it is important to be specific about which cognitive abilities are being investigated, given that there is not one single pattern of intellectual functioning over age across all abilities (Schaie, 1994). These drugs (ampakines) promote the induction of long-term potentiation (Staubli et al., 1994) and thus change functional biochemical thresholds. Neuropsychological testing is often done with older adults; this type of assessment uses special tasks to try to determine level of functioning of cognitive abilities such as verbal and visual memory, speech, spatial ability, or reasoning. The WMS–IV does not accommodate substitution of any of these subtests into any of the WMS–IV indexes; the ACS expands the assessment of memory beyond the constructs found in the WMS–IV. Ability to win retail implementation projects and of particular interest will be POS (XStore), ATG/DW e-commerce, Selling EOM, WMS (Manhattan or JDA) Strong industry connects in the retail space Experience working with Onsite/Offshore sales model By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Il WMS (Web Map Service), generato secondo lo standard, eroga una mappa che è la rappresentazione delle informazioni territoriali sotto forma di un file immagine digitale in formato PNG, GIF o JPEG: la mappa quindi, in quanto immagine, non può essere editata o spazialmente analizzata dagli utenti finali. Demographically adjusted norms answer the question “Are the examinee’s current scores consistent with what is expected given his or her age and education and/or other background characteristics?” For a comprehensive discourse on the appropriate use and application of demographic adjustments, see Chapter 4 of this book, Heaton, Ryan and Grant (2009), or Heaton, Taylor and Manly (2003). Variability in cognitive functioning over time is normal; however, a consistent decline in cognitive skills may signal a significant clinical issue. Assumiamo che tu sia d'accordo, alternativamente puoi comunque non accettare. Limited quantities. There are considerable individual differences in the extent to which cognition changes with aging. Adequate cognitive functioning requires a relatively high level of neurochemical capacity. 2. Increases over age in Gc are believed to compensate for the losses in Gf and may account for the general stability (or even slight increase) in work performance as people age (Ng & Feldman, 2008). Gc is often measured by abilities like knowledge and vocabulary. General cognitive functioning in individuals with PWS comprises a normal IQ distribution centered over a mean shifted downward by about 40 IQ points, meaning that most individuals have a mild to moderate ID (Whittington et al., 2004). Figure 2.1. (2000) conducted a study of 1,203 community-dwelling older adults (aged 75 and above). Finally, some individuals develop age-related conditions that grossly deteriorate their cognitive functioning, including the progressive dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. Gwenith G. Fisher, ... Dorey S. Chaffee, in Work Across the Lifespan, 2019. It has recently been shown that it is possible to significantly improve verbal memory of aged adults, if the subjects were administered a drug, sensitive to memory encoding, prior to the learning task (Lynch et al., 1997). Assessments of cognitive functioning or personality are a specialty of clinical psychologists; those specifically trained to work with older adults are in a position to be able to accurately test and interpret results for this population with its higher frequency of sensory or other cognitive limitations and cohort differences. Prior research has identified distinct intra-individual trajectories over the lifespan for different cognitive abilities, including important differences across one’s working life (Klein et al., 2015; McArdle, Hamagami, Meredith, & Bradway, 2000; Schaie, 1994). End-of-Life Process. Earnings for Standard Motor Products are expected to decrease by -2.80% in the coming year, from $3.22 to $3.13 per share. This chapter overviews how such comparisons are made in the TBI patient and their meaning for assessing neurocognitive and neurobehavioral functioning from TBI. Two sets of demographically adjusted norms are available: age and education only adjusted norms and full demographic adjusted norms. In this particular study, cognitive functioning was assessed using multiple measures of a variety of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perceptual speed, and visuospatial ability. Luria et al. Chapter 5 in this book provides a detailed review of estimating premorbid functioning. (1969) were among the first to appreciate the dynamic nature of cognitive deficits. In fact, higher levels of social engagement did predict a reduced rate of memory decline over a 6-year period. Un Servizio di Consultazione consente “di eseguire almeno le seguenti operazioni: visualizzazione, navigazione, variazione della scala di visualizzazione (zoom in e zoom out), variazione della porzione di territorio inquadrata (pan), sovrapposizione dei set di dati territoriali consultabili e visualizzazione delle informazioni contenute nelle legende e qualsivoglia contenuto pertinente dei metadati” (Direttiva 2007/2/CE). However, it is very important to note that there are vast individual differences in the aging process such that the extent and rate at which people decline can vary considerably (Salthouse, 2012). The highest and lowest obtained WMS–IV index and subtest scores were significantly lower in the TBI group compared to controls. Theory-of-mind: The attribution of emotions, intentions, and goals to others, also known as emotional and mental perspective-taking. Because the quality and quantity of receptor populations is a dynamic property, long-standing functional lesions may signal the potential restitution of impairments. Same day shipment subject to order size limitations, Dell standard shipping methods and payment via credit card, gift card or Dell Business Credit. Grant L. Iverson, ... Rael T. Lange, in WAIS-IV, WMS-IV, and ACS, 2013. B.G. Featured Partner: Dell Technologies Learn more about Boomi’s partnership with Dell Technologies. The potential predictors of late life cognitive functioning include socioeconomic factors, lifelong patterns of activities, educational history, current and previous psychiatric conditions such as depression or substance abuse, and medical factors. ERP (enterprise resource planning): Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an industry term for the broad set of activities that help an organization manage its business. Notification will be provided if there are payment delays which could impact shipping date. Pharmacological and/or stimulation treatment preceding structured training may sufficiently alter neurochemical activity levels to make improvements possible and enhance the learning process. Furthermore, the patterns depicted in Fig. 1. See Chapter 6 of this book for a review of serial assessment and the development of the hierarchical equations derived in the ACS to assess changes in scores over time. The neuropsychological approach compares the patient’s individualized test results to a normative sample, which permits a statistical analysis of comparative functioning to healthy controls, as well as presumed level of premorbid functioning. Demographic or cognitive characteristics of an examinee—such as age, education, gender, and level of functioning at the initial assessment—may predispose that examinee to benefit more or less from exposure and learning than other examinees (Duff et al., 2005; Ferrer, Salthouse, McArdle, Stewart, & Schwartz, 2005; Lineweaver & Chelune, 2003; Salthouse, 2010b). Linebarger, Schwartz, and Saffran (1983) showed that agrammatic patients were able to detect syntactic anomalies, but were not able to use this knowledge on-line to produce well-formed sentences. Smart Selection. Le linee guida INSPIRE per l’implementazione dei Servizi di Consultazione consigliano che tale servizio sia implementato utilizzandolo standard ISO 19128 – Web Map Service (WMS) 1.3.0. Erin D. Bigler, in Neurosurgical Neuropsychology, 2019. In addition how the combination of neuroimaging results with neuropsychological assessment provides relevant clinical information that not only guides treatment but is helpful in predicting outcome. Demographically adjusted norms are frequently used to identify a change in cognitive functioning by evaluating whether a test score is consistent with the patient’s background characteristics. They injected into rodents a compound binding irreversibly to cholinergic receptors in the brain and reducing the receptor population to approximately 10% of its normal volume. Cognitive functioning: The individual functional properties regarding a broad range of basal mental operations (i.e., attention, memory, executive functions). It is important to consider age differences in cognitive abilities when investigating cognitive functioning and work-related issues. The mean variability scaled scores were in the average range for both the moderate to severe TBI and control groups. The results showed that recovery, from an almost complete neurochemical lesion, occurred in a strict hierarchical and temporal order: physiological functions reappeared first and cognitive functions last. Whether it is managing multiple medications, learning new skills and hobbies, or managing finances and paying bills, many everyday activities require complex cognitive processes. Some individuals age “successfully” so that many cognitive functions remain unimpaired during aging and some may even improve (Rowe and Kahn, 1987). Crystallized cognitive abilities (Gc) refer to “acquired knowledge,” which includes the accumulation of lifetime intellectual knowledge and achievements. Due to the high personal and societal costs associated with the condition, numerous studies have investigated the effect of social engagement on the occurrence and onset of dementia (e.g., Sörman, Rönnlund, Sundström, Adolfsson, & Nilsson, 2015; Wang, Karp, Winblad, & Fratiglioni, 2002). His overall improvement in naming performance as well as change in error pattern was interpreted as a normalization of the decay time of activated lexical items. Many characteristics of individuals are thought to predict cognitive functioning in late life. Some individuals manifest general declines in functioning, relative to population-based expectations, with performance in many different aspects of cognitive functioning appearing to be deteriorated relative to their previous levels of functioning. Deficits in EF have also been demonstrated (Jauregi et al., 2007; Woodcock, Oliver, & Humphreys, 2009b). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Klein et al., 2015; McArdle, Hamagami, Meredith, & Bradway, 2000; Schaie, 1994, Enhancing social engagement of older adults through technology, Sörman, Rönnlund, Sundström, Adolfsson, & Nilsson, 2015, Barnes, de Leon, Wilson, Bienias, & Evans, 2004; Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert, & Berkman, 2001, Cognitive Dysfunctions in Chronic Cocaine Users, International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, Martin, Dell, Saffran, and Schwartz (1994), Huber, Willmes, Poeck, Van Vleymen, & Deberdt, 1997, Russell, Smith, Booth, Jenden, and Waite (1986), Neuropsychology in the Outcome of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Assessing Cognition in Older Adults with the WAIS–IV, WMS–IV, and ACS, Kipps, Mioshi, & Hodges, 2009; Snowden et al., 2003, Crawford, 1992; Johnstone, Hogg, Schopp, Kapila, & Edwards, 2002, Crawford 1992; Putnam, Ricker, Ross, & Kurtz, 1999; and Spreen & Strauss, 1998, Demographically adjusted norms are frequently used to identify a change in, The ability to compare scores across assessments provides insight into and documentation of changes in, Salthouse, 2007; Sliwinski, Hofer, Hall, Bushke, & Lipton, 2003, McCaffrey et al., 1993; Wechsler, 2008, 2009, Duff et al., 2005; Ferrer, Salthouse, McArdle, Stewart, & Schwartz, 2005; Lineweaver & Chelune, 2003; Salthouse, 2010b, Encyclopedia of Gerontology (Second Edition), Using the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV/ACS Following Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, WAIS–IV/WMS–IV Subtest High Versus Low, WAIS–IV/WMS–IV Subtest Standard Deviation, WAIS–IV/WMS–IV Index Standard Deviation. Broca’s aphasic patients did detect syntactic violations in spoken language if sentences were simple, but not if they were complex (Haarman & Kolk, 1994). Note: Scores are in scaled score units; low scores indicate more variability for highest versus lowest and highest obtained scores. As a result, a better understanding of the protective effect that social engagement has on cognitive functioning is vital for designing solutions or interventions targeting declines in cognitive ability in older adulthood. Bella novità per i cittadini di Colletorto, piccolo centro nella valle del Fortore, in provincia di Campobasso, che fino a qualche settimana fa non potevano contare su una buona connettività né fissa né mobile: una vera rinascita digitale. Unlike many cognitive abilities, reading recognition is relatively stable in the presence of cognitive decline associated with normal aging or brain insult, although it is not impervious to the effects of significant intellectual impairments (see Crawford 1992; Putnam, Ricker, Ross, & Kurtz, 1999; and Spreen & Strauss, 1998 for reviews). Quednow, in The Neuroscience of Cocaine, 2017. The level of variability is in the low average range (e.g., scaled score <8). News. Demographically adjusted norms were developed for the WAIS–IV and WMS–IV utilizing the normative sample and additional samples of examinees with low and high education levels and from minority ethnic groups. M. Vonmoos, B.B. Assessments are done in response to a number of needs, such as diagnosis of any type of mental illness, differential diagnosis of depression or types of dementia, diagnosis of functional abilities after stroke, or forensic work, such as establishing competence or incompetence for a court of law. Adequate lexical retrieval no doubt requires sufficient processing resources to occur. Martin, Dell, Saffran, and Schwartz (1994) studied a patient over a period of 6 years post-onset. In particular, Gf peaks in early adulthood (around age 20) and then declines throughout the remainder of the lifespan (which includes the time during which people work; Salthouse, 2012). This approach has had a strong influence on applied psychological research (e.g., Ackerman & Beier, 2012; Fisher et al., 2014; Klein et al., 2015; Salthouse, 2012). Questo sito web utilizza i cookie per migliorarne l'utilizzo. and locale ID canonicalization conformant with CLDR. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. WAIS–IV/WMS–IV variability measures, controlling for the highest achieved score in the TBI and matched control groups, are presented in Table 10.10 (see Chapter 3 for a discussion of the methodology for variability analyses). The co-norming with WAIS–IV and WMS–IV improves prediction estimates of intelligence and memory ability through direct comparison data between predicted and actual ability in a large, representative sample and a variety of clinical groups. These subtype comparisons have the potential to inform on more refined genotype–phenotype associations. 停止精度±5mm！Standard-Robots社(スタンダードロボット)の自律走行AMRが名古屋国際物流展に登場 Cognitive functioning refers to multiple mental abilities, including learning, thinking, reasoning, remembering, problem solving, decision making, and attention. The current performance models use test results from the TOPF to predict the examinee’s premorbid ability. Similarly, the WMS–IV index and subtest variability measures were in the average range for both the TBI and matched control groups. Certain aspects of the PWS cognitive phenotype vary across different genetic subgroups. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Mathematical skills and short-term memory appear to be specific areas of cognitive deficit (Bertella et al., 2005; Stauder, Brinkman, & Curfs, 2002). A recent meta-analysis was carried out on the effect of social relationship factors on dementia risk in longitudinal cohort studies (Kuiper et al., 2015). This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality. The data presented in Chapter 3 demonstrate that cognitive variability is common in healthy adolescents and adults, such that large differences in ability are the norm rather than the exception. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The authors suggest that the drugs used may be particularly effective in the context of reduced memory processing. Measures of memory and processing speed are particularly susceptible to practice effects (McCaffrey et al., 1993; Wechsler, 2008, 2009). Changes in cognitive functioning are to be expected in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially in the domains of memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed to be among the most common. Many aspects of cognitive functioning change with age and, although many cognitive functions decline with age, the extent and pattern of the decline vary by both the individual and the type of function. Controlling for the low “highest” index score, there was no significant variability on the WAIS–IV or WMS–IV indexes in the moderate to severe TBI group. Variability in cognitive functioning is sometimes thought to indicate the presence of cognitive impairment, brain injury, or abnormal brain functioning. WAIS–IV/WMS–IV Variability Measures Controlling for Highest subtest or Index Score in Moderate to Severe TBI and Matched Controls. Although changes in scores across evaluations may represent important clinical information, changes in test performance may occur for reasons other than actual changes in cognitive functioning, including normal fluctuations in cognitive skills (Salthouse, 2007; Sliwinski, Hofer, Hall, Bushke, & Lipton, 2003). Consultazione cartografia catastale WMS: basata sullo standard Web Map Service 1.3.0, è fruibile utilizzando un software GIS (Geographic Information System) o specifiche applicazioni a disposizione dell… It utilizes words with atypical grapheme to phoneme translation; thus, the test is not a measure of decoding ability but a test of word knowledge (Crawford, 1992). Alternatively, Gc typically increases over the lifespan due to the acquisition of new knowledge and experience. (ICU 68 was released on 2020-10-28. Il WMS (Web Map Service), generato secondo lo standard, eroga una mappa che è la rappresentazione delle informazioni territoriali sotto forma di un file immagine digitale in formato PNG, GIF o JPEG: la mappa quindi, in quanto immagine, non può essere editata o spazialmente analizzata dagli utenti finali. This included items about marital status, living arrangement, having children, as well as contact frequency and relationship satisfaction with various social ties (e.g., children, relatives, close friends). Fig. Executive functions: Heterogeneous concept of complex cognitive functions usually involving the frontal cortex (inhibition, flexibility, monitoring, rule acquisition, planning, etc.). Newsletter sign up. Demographically adjusted norms adjust normative scores by other background characteristics associated with performance on general cognitive ability, memory, and neuropsychological measures, such as education, gender, and ethnicity. This beneficial effect of drugs as potential adjuvants to behavioral treatment was recently confirmed in a study reporting significant improvements in chronic aphasic patients receiving systematic language training in combination with a “cognitive enhancer” such as piracetam (Huber, Willmes, Poeck, Van Vleymen, & Deberdt, 1997). For example, Ackerman and Beier (2012) indicated that “over a 20 or 30+ year span of one’s lifetime of work, both rank order and raw scores [of cognitive abilities] change in marked ways” (p. 151). Philip D. Harvey, Richard C. Mohs, in Functional Neurobiology of Aging, 2001. This demonstration of a restitution of function after long-standing specific processing limitations is as elegant as it is rare. During a 3-year follow up after the baseline interview, it was found that poor or limited social engagement increased the risk of dementia by 60%. Lo stradario 2016 dell'Ente, approvato con Determina n. 7134 del 23/12/2016, ed il relativo grafo aggiornato. Some factors exert a transient influence on performance, such as suppression of attention or memory during episodes of dysphoria, and others, such as educational background, have more lasting effects on performance. This hierarchical recovery matched the increase of a newly synthesized receptor population. Find and compare top Inventory Management software on Capterra, with our free and interactive tool. The highest and lowest obtained index and subtest scores were significantly lower in the TBI sample compared to controls. The impact of brain injury is a suppression of cognitive functioning that is evidenced by few scores above the mean and several low scores in the borderline and extremely low range. Lifespan psychologists (e.g., Baltes, Staudinger, & Lindenberger, 1999) have referred to these dimensions as “cognitive mechanics and pragmatics” (p. 486). Social cognition: Mental operations to understand oneself and others. Same day shipment subject to order size limitations, Dell standard shipping methods and payment via credit card, gift card or Dell Business Credit. Other cognitive functions change very little across the life span, on average, and some functions even appear to be enhanced at later periods of life. The overall intellectual and memory profile indicates that there was a suppressed cognitive profile in the TBI group which limits the degree to which cognitive variability can be identified compared to the general population. Chapter 3 describes methods for identifying intra-individual variability including: (a) highest and lowest obtained scores, (b) difference between highest and lowest index and subtest scores, and (c) the standard deviation of indexes and subtests. 2.1 show that age-related changes in cognitive functioning are more likely to be masked when using more general measures (such as g) compared to the use of more specific abilities. Gc is less likely to decline until much later ages and typically after people retire. The statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit is two years; and under the Convention, the current limit of liability is 19 Standard Drawing Rights (SDRs) per kilo, which translates to approximately $12.95 per pound. These studies indicate that biochemical thresholds and balances in damaged areas and their connections may constitute key concepts for understanding (a) cognitive processing impairments in the absence of extensive structural damage, (b) improvements without extensive structural changes, and (c) late recovery phenomena. Social engagement was assessed by a measure that included both structural and qualitative aspects of individuals’ social lives. Because the moderate to severe TBI sample has a suppressed cognitive profile, it is necessary to adjust the variability measures by the highest achieved score (see Chapter 3 for details). Table 10.10. For instance, in a sample of 838 older adults without dementia, measures of social activity and social support related to higher cognitive functioning (Krueger et al., 2009). The results of the meta-analysis were that individuals with lower levels of social participation, individuals with lower frequency of social contacts, and individuals with higher levels of loneliness were, respectively, 1.41, 1.57, and 1.58 times more likely to have a higher risk to develop dementia than their more socially engaged counterparts. Similar to the individual batteries, the TBI group has lower than expected “highest” and “lowest” obtained scores, indicating a general suppression of the cognitive profile.
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