fatal IPV (intimate partner femicide) is one means of monitoring overall programming impact, but these data are usually not available routinely. Globally, many forms of femicide are emerging as the values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours of people evolve. forms, which are briefly defined below. The cause of the difference is unknown. A simple brief account of the findings of this study was presented in a report for policy makers in South Africa in 2012 [11]. The regression models included interaction effects between the survey year and the type of homicide to evaluate the homogeneity of the year effect across the intimate and non-intimate subgroups. valued, and in which gender-based violence and femicide will not be tolerated. particular gain, e.g. “South Africa femicide rate is 5 times more than the global rate,” Mthethwa, the minister of arts and culture, added. The restructuring of mortuaries in 2005 resulted in 123 mortuaries operating in 2009 compared to 225 in 1999. We applied sampling weights by year and weighted for the total number of mortuaries within the strata. was 5, 6 per 100 000 women aged 14 years or older, whilst in 1999 the rate of 8.8 per 100 000 women aged 14 years A statistically significant difference between the years was also found for the rate of non-intimate femicide, but we did not find a statistically significant reduction in the rate of intimate partner femicide. A must read for all South Africans. There was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of non-intimate femicide, with a rate of 8.6 per 100,000 women in 1999 compared to 4.2 in 2009. The government’s lack of action has allowed for the violence against women and foreign nationals to escalate. We identified deaths through mortuaries, as according to the Inquest Act of 1959, all unnatural deaths in South Africa undergo a post-mortem examination. The police force has expanded, the murder case load has been substantially reduced, forensic science laboratories have been strengthened and modernised, and there have been many new initiatives to improve policing and detective work. The femicide-suicide occurs where the perpetrator commits suicide within a week of killing a female person. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for 2009 compared to 1999 homicide rates were estimated, as well as confidence intervals to facilitate the comparison between years. their acts using different methods and means. neglect by a biological mother. In 2007 the state adopted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act [9]. This is the killing Funding: Funding support for the study was provided by the Open Society Foundation and the South African Medical Research Council. The overall female homicide rate per 100,000 women was 12.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 9.3, 16.5) in 2009 compared to 24.7 (95% CI: 17.7, 31.6) in 1999, and the estimated IRR was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.84), reflecting a significantly lower rate in 2009 (Table 1). The findings suggest that South Africa needs greater efforts nationally to implement evidence-based violence prevention. particularly of the sexual organs and breasts, or decapitated in some cases. The Ethics Committee of the South African Medical Research Council approved the study, and the national and provincial Departments of Health, the Forensic Pathology Service, and the South African Police Service provided further approval and access to data. Having multiple partners and greater relationship discord are also risk factors [4],[6],[7]. WHO and PAHO have developed a series of information sheets on violence against women that summarizes what is known about the prevalence, patterns, consequences, risk factors and strategies to address the different forms of VAW. Gender-based violence is fundamentally rooted in gender inequality. More than 2,700 South African women and 1,000 children were killed last year, according to police figures . without concern for health or safety, only reinforces their disposable value. and/or his family. We used the mid-year population estimates from Statistics South Africa for 1999 and 2009 for the calculation of rates. intimate femicide includes the killing of a female person by an intimate partner or any person who had an actual or Aims/Objectives/Purpose We compare the results of a national female homicide study in South Africa that described the epidemiology of intimate femicide for 1999 with the findings from a repeat study 10 years later (2009). There was evidence of change that we suggest is probably a consequence of gun control legislation, and we did find a difference in female homicide rates overall, but there was a lack of evidence that could be viewed as indicating a positive impact of gender-based violence policies and programming. For two categorical characteristics an interaction between the study year and type of femicide was found: suspected rape homicide and whether a perpetrator was convicted. CONCLUSIONS: Female homicide in South Africa was lower in 2009 than 1999, but intimate partner femicide and suspected rape homicide rates were not statistically different. We found a significant age difference of 10.7 y between victims of intimate and non-intimate femicides, and this was consistent over both years. The overall rate of female homicide in South Africa was substantially lower in 2009 than in 1999, and the reasons for this are unknown. There was a significant drop in convictions of perpetrators of non-intimate femicide in 2009 versus 1999 (OR = 0.32 [95% CI: 0.19, 0.53]). These findings suggest that, overall, female homicide in South Africa was substantially lower in 2009 than in 1999, but the 2009 figure is still five times the global rate of this crime. odds ratio. here. Globally more research is required to develop an evidence base to support such work. Despite these limitations, our study confirms the value of this model of collecting national intimate femicide data in the absence of a national homicide database. Limitations of the study include the relatively small sample size and having only two time points. In South Africa we conducted research into intimate partner femicide at two time points 10 y apart to establish whether there were differences. Contact the Chief Directorate: Promotion of the rights of Vulnerable Groups for more information. Men's risk of perpetration starts in childhood and is more common if men have witnessed violence between parents and if they have been exposed to physical and sexual abuse in childhood [3],[4]. are women, but broader definitions include any killings of women or girls. It Is the Subject Area "Homicide" applicable to this article? Another limitation is that we have data for only two time points and cannot test for trend in female homicide rates in South Africa. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. Intimate femicide, the killing of a woman by her intimate partner, is considered the most extreme form and consequence of intimate partner violence. It sparked protests that began in Buenos Aires, but spread through Chile, Uruguay and up to Miami, FL. The most recent data from the World Health Organisation shows that South Africa’s femicide rate was 12.1 per 100,000 in 2016. Although the exact factors driving the decrease in female homicide overall are unknown, it does appear that a renewed commitment from government to developing policy-driven prevention interventions is needed to have an impact on the gender-related proportion of female homicide, as well as on the availability of reliable data to monitor trends. of a woman or girl by an intimate partner. Yes the term “femicide” to refer to this problem. The female homicide rate in 2009 was five times the global rate [16]. For both studies, the police provided information on the perpetrator, case outcome, history of IPV, and the relationship of the victim with the perpetrator. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: NA SM RJ LJM CL. These show a decrease of 44% between 2003/2004 and 2010/2011 (the police reporting year is 1 April to 31 March) [15]. Although intimate partner violence (IPV) can be perpetrated by both males and females, women are disproportionately killed by their intimate partners [1],[2]. subsequent killing of a woman symbolises the cohesion of the gang, demonstrates masculinity and diminishes the and above was registered.1 In terms of the Domestic Violence Act, 1998 (Act No 166 of 1998), it may be deduced that Logistic regression analysis of homicide characteristics showed that the odds ratio of suspected rape among non-intimate femicides in 2009 compared to 1999 was 2.61 (95% CI: 1.23, 4.08) and among intimate partner femicides it was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.42). No, Is the Subject Area "Police" applicable to this article? Yes https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001412, Academic Editor: Edward J. The nature of the victim–perpetrator relationship is usually not known by the medical examiner at the time of the autopsy. It might be a deep woman-hatred drawn from sore experience of child abandonment or One might have expected that a greater use of rape kits in 2009 would have resulted in more discovery of DNA and a higher rate of perpetrator convictions. The decrease mirrors findings in high income countries, where female homicide rates have also dropped much more than male homicide rates following reformation of gun laws [18]. We collected cause of death data from the autopsy reports and verified the socio-demographic data during the police interview. Ten years later we have found no difference between the two studies in the identification of prior IPV in intimate femicide cases. The cause of the difference is unknown. Death is the most extreme consequence of intimate partner violence. Our findings similarly do not suggest that the decrease can be explained by a reduction in gender-based homicides, given that we found no significant difference in the intimate femicide rate or the rate of suspected rape homicide. The researchers collected cause of death data from the autopsy reports and checked other information via police interview. of misogyny is that of serial killings of women. Analyzed the data: NA SM RJ CL. The sampling fraction for large mortuaries was 55.6% (5/8), for medium-size mortuaries was 39.4% (13/33), and for small mortuaries was 24.7% (20/81). As wealth or spiritual power. Yet we found no evidence of improved conviction rates in 2009, and indeed there was a lower likelihood of convictions among the non-intimate cases in 2009 than in 1999. This study design was similar to the 1999 national female homicide study [12]. In addition, in 2000 the Firearms Control Act [10] strengthened legal control over hand gun ownership, and this may have had an impact on gun homicides. Finally, the researchers found that the overall rate of fatal rapes (female rape homicides) was 3.4 per 100,000 women in 1999 compared to 2.5 in 2009, but again, this difference was not statistically significant. Conceived and designed the experiments: NA SM RJ LJM. type of killing to be classified as female infanticide, it must occur within a year of birth of the female infant. We conducted a retrospective, national mortuary-based study of female and child homicide cases that presented at medical legal laboratories between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009. Our intimate and non-intimate femicide rates were calculated for cases where perpetrators had been identified, and the availability of these data was dependent on information from the police investigation. Many of the murdered women come from Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: NA SM RJ LJM CL. the technology continues to take great advancements to create diverse, easy and fast ways of accessing information marginalised sectors of society, e.g. Female homicide in South Africa was lower in 2009 than 1999, but intimate partner femicide and suspected rape homicide rates were not statistically different. In a study conducted in South Africa in 2009, the rate of intimate femicide was 5, 6 per 100 000 women aged 14 years or older, whilst in 1999 the rate of 8.8 per 100 000 women aged 14 years and above was registered.1In terms of the Domestic Violence Act, 1998 (Act No 166 of 1998), it may be deduced that intimate femicide includes the killing of a female per… Fondse, who works as the South African Champion for Women against GBV, Domestic Violence and Intimate Femicide, said that although South Africa … poverty-stricken communities, prostitution, etc. Conclusions: Female homicide in South Africa was lower in 2009 than 1999, but intimate partner femicide and suspected rape homicide rates were not statistically different.
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